The industrial development of natural gas hydrate, a promising clean energy resource, is hindered by key technical challenges such as formation degradation, reservoir instability, and sand production. Understanding the interfacial adhesive behaviors between hydrates and sediment particles on the order of tens of micrometers is essential to address these engineering challenges, as the strength of these adhesion forces directly governs the mobilization of sediment particles and thus controls the macroscopic risks of sand production and reservoir destabilization. Accordingly, a custom-made cryogenic atomic force microscope was used to probe the adhesion forces between mineral microparticles and clathrate tetrahydrofuran hydrate at the microscale. The results indicate that the adhesion behavior at the hydrate–mineral interface is governed by mineral particle size, temperature, contact force, and contact time. Particularly, as the mineral particle size and contact force increase, a greater indentation depth and an increased amount of decomposition liquid significantly strengthen the adhesion force. Higher temperatures also enhance adhesion, primarily due to the thickening of the quasi-liquid layer produced by the premelting of hydrate crystals even below the phase equilibrium temperature. Notably, the adhesion force is time-dependent. Under compression, the competing processes of hydrate decomposition and formation cause the force to exhibit a non-monotonic evolution, initially increasing to a peak and then declining with prolonged contact time. Finally, by incorporating indentation depth and quasi-liquid layer thickness, we optimized a capillary bridge model that reveals microscale plastic deformation at the hydrate–sediment interface under compression. These microscale insights directly link interfacial adhesion mechanisms to the security risks in hydrate development, offering a scientific basis for risk mitigation.