As a crucial component of the global energy supply, deep-sea oil and gas resources exist in highly complex environments and pose significant technical challenges, necessitating reliance on floating platforms, mooring systems, pile foundations, and risers. Reviewing and analyzing recent advancements in these systems can promote technological innovation and ensure safer, more efficient, and sustainable resource development. This paper reviews the research and engineering applications of floating platform, mooring system, and pile foundation in deep-sea oil and gas development. It also examines their technical characteristics, recent research progress, and future development directions. The review covers various floating platform type, including the tension leg platform, SPAR platform, semi-submersible platform as well as floating production storage and offloading. It also reviews mooring pile foundations such as suction piles, slender anchor piles, torpedo anchors, and claw anchors. Additionally, this paper summarizes the connection mechanisms of mooring systems linking floating platforms and anchoring foundations, and introduces the classification and mechanical behavior of risers. Together, these components contribute to structural stability and reliable performance in complex marine environments. Recent advances in artificial intelligence also offer new opportunities for enhancing fatigue assessment and operational monitoring in deep-water systems. Based on the above summary, this paper presents insights and future directions for the integrated equipment system comprising the floating platform, mooring system, and pile foundation in deep-sea oil and gas development. It also serves as an important reference for promoting technological innovation and contributing to global energy sustainability.